JLPT Level: Unlisted

Omg I just noticed that the example sentence has こんこん in hiragana beside the kanji. When you copy and paste a sentence that has furigana above the kanji, it will put it as hiragana beside the kanji, and I forgot to go and delete that. /sigh. The correct example sentence is:

ゆき子が昏々と眠った。

Okedoke. Now that that’s out of the way, let’s get on to this word and its kanji.

昏

• On-yomi: kon
• Kun-yomi: kura.i, kure
• Meaning: dark, evening, dusk

This kanji is made of two different parts: 氏 and 日. 氏 represents a person and 日 is the sun. The person is standing above the sun, and therefore this kanji is a pictograph of “the sun falling to a person’s footsteps,” which is a rather pretty way to describe the sun setting. And of course, after the sun sets, it becomes dark, which explains why this kanji means “dark.”

Now, why does the word “konkon” mean fast asleep? Well, most people tend to sleep at night haha. Of note, this kanji appears in the word for “coma,” which is 昏睡 konsui. So this kanji has nuances of a very deep sleep. 

JLPT Level: Unlisted, but the kanji are N1 and N3 respectively.

Alright, this is a pretty interesting word that’s seen some changes in meaning and usage over the centuries. 

滅

• On-yomi: metsu
• Kun-yomi: horo.biru, horo.bu, horo,bosu
• Meaning: destroy, ruin, overthrow, perish

法

• On-yomi: hou, ha, ho, furan
• Kun-yomi: nori
• Meaning: method, law, rule, principle, model, system

If we put the two together, we get “The Law of Destruction,” which could be a pretty rad metal song. 

Originally, this was a Buddhist term used to refer to…something too hard for me to wrap my pea brain around haha. Really trying to remember everything I learned in that one Buddhist Philosophy course I took in uni back in the day. 

Okay okay. Basically, all things in existence are divided into two categories: 

1. Conditioned existence (a.k.a. things created by fate). This is known as saṃskṛta in Sanskrit.
2. Those that have transcended conditioned existence. This is known as asaṃskṛta in Sanskrit.

Meppou is the old Japanese Buddhist term for “things that have transcended conditioned existence.” This can mean that a thing has reached Nirvana, something that is “absolute.” 

From that meaning, meppou came to mean something “extraordinary” or “terrible and intense” like a historic typhoon. 

Most of the time, meppou is used in the phrase 滅法強い meppou tsuyoi, “terribly powerful.” 

JLPT Level: N1, and the kanji are N1 and unlisted respectively.

Most of the time, this word is written in hiragana. But the kanji are funny, so I’m gonna talk about those too. 

矢

• On-yomi: ya
• Kun-yomi: shi
• Meaning: dart, arrow

鱈

• On-yomi: setsu
• Kun-yomi: tara
• Meaning: codfish

So…put these two together and you get… “shooting codfish with arrows” and somehow that is supposed to mean “indiscriminately; blindly; at random; recklessly; thoughtlessly; excessively; profusely.” 

I bet you’re ready for me to blow your mind with some anecdote from like 700 years ago about some old Japanese hermit who only had an arrow and spent everyday in the same stream trying to catch cod unsuccessfully, because he was an idiot and didn’t know that cod were an ocean fish and not a freshwater fish.

…But actually, these are just ateji. Ateji are kanji whose meaning have nothing to do with the word they are used in. Their pronunciation just conveniently matches the word. So “arrow” and “codfish” have absolutely nothing to do with yatara and its meaning. 

Kanji, man. Can’t trust ‘em. :P

JLPT Level: Unlisted

This is one of the coolest words I have found to date. Look at those meanings!! To boast, to roar, to recite a poem to oneself. It’s so rich and nuanced! And then look at how dang cool the kanji looks!! Also, let’s not forget that the pronunciation, “usobuku” sounds like 嘘吹く (uso fuku, to tell lies like the wind blows), which is not a real expression but is immediately what my mind goes to. 

Okay, let’s take a look at this kanji!

嘯

• On-yomi: shou, shitsu
• Kun-yomi: usobu.ku
• Meaning: roar, howl, recite emotionally, feign indifference

It appears that long ago, this kanji used to be used for whistling. But not just any whistling–this is for the whistling people did to imitate bird calls. 

Nowadays, this word is very seldom used, and it is never used in reference to bird calls. But it’s really cool!

JLPT Level: Unlisted, but the kanji are N1 and N4 respectively.

Okay, this one is so low frequency you’ll probably never see it. But I like how it sounds so I’m gonna talk about it haha. 

紛

• On-yomi: fun
• Kun-yomi: magi.reru, -magi.re, magi.rasu, magi.rawasu, magi.rawashii
• Meaning: distract, be mistaken for, go astray, divert

物

• On-yomi: butsu, motsu
• Kun-yomi: mono
• Meaning: thing, object, matter

So if we put these two together we get “something that one mistakes for something else.” Pretty easy to understand, I think. I wanted to talk about the etymology of the kanji 紛 but I couldn’t find anything. T-T

JLPT Level: Unlisted, but the kanji are N4 and N5 respectively.

This is a pretty low-frequency word. It sounds pretty old-timey, and it makes sense because I found it in a manga that takes place in the Edo Period haha. 

Let’s take a look at the kanji:

夜

• On-yomi: ya
• Kun-yomi: yo, yoru
• Meaning: night, evening

半

• On-yomi: han
• Kun-yomi: naka.ba
• Meaning: half, middle, odd number, semi-, part-

Put them together and you get “the middle of the night.” Pretty easy, right?

JLPT Level: Unlisted

蔓

• On-yomi: man, ban
• Kun-yomi: habiko.ru, tsuru
• Meaning: vine, tendril, influence, connections, good offices, spread, sprawl, thrive, rampant, powerful

You’re very unlikely to see this kanji in a book, as they’d probably write it in katakana. However, this is sometimes used in last names. 

You may recognize the ⺾ radical at the top. This is the “grass” radical and represents “plants.” The other three radicals, 曼, when put together like this, mean “long.” 

Here we see the very original kanji for tsuru. At the top we have grass planted in a row. Beneath those we have a hat, followed by a hand, an eye, and another hand at the bottom. I’m not sure why there’s a “hat” here, but there is a hand above and below the eye to signify someone holding out their hands to gesture how tall or “long” something is.

So, something “long” 曼 plus “grass”  ⺾ = vines. pretty easy! 

Also, as a sidenote,  most kanji with 曼 have an on-yomi of “man.”

JLPT Level: Unlisted, but the kanji is N1

This has an etymology different from what I had expected. Let’s look at the parts!

⼖ to conceal, hide

若 soft mulberry leaves

Now, anyone who has been studying their kanji is probably looking at that definition of 若 and going, “Omoi-no-hoka, you’ve lost the plot” because 若 means young. 

And see, I knew that it meant “young” too, so I thought maybe this was a reference to something like “protect the women andchildren.”

But nope! This, my friends, is all in reference to silkworms.

Silk was an incredibly important textile in Japan. The silkworms live in mulberry trees, eating the young, soft leaves. 匿 represents the mulberry leaves that fill up the silkworms’ bellies and stay hidden there. 

Kinda weird, but there ya go!

JLPT Level: Unlisted, but the kanji are N4 and N3 respectively.

While not a super common word, you do have a chance of hearing it in conversation once in a blue moon. It’s also incredibly easy to understand once you know the parts.

言い ii, to say

伝え tsutae, to communicate, transmit

So 言い伝え is something that is spoken and transferred from one generation to the next. 

JLPT Level: N1

Three JLPT words in a row? What is happening?

Okay. I knew going in that this kanji wasn’t going to have a very cheerful etymology because of its meaning, but it’s way, way darker than I had imagined. Brace yourselves for some pretty morbid stuff.

嘆 is made of two parts: 口 (mouth) and 漢 without the ⺡. Generally, 漢 represents “China.” But not in this kanji. Ohhhhh no. Strap yourselves in.

In ancient Japan, many different sacrifices were made to different gods, and when there were famines due to drought, miko (Shinto shrine priestesses) were burned alive as human sacrifices.

The 漢 part of this kanji represents 旱魃 Kanbatsu, which can mean either “drought” or “the God of Drought.” 

So if you put mouth 口 and the God of Drought 漢 without the ⺡together, you get, “a cry to the God of Drought.”

Nowadays, I would say that almost no Japanese people know about the dark rituals this kanji alludes to. This word is used most often for grieving or mourning, though, so there is still a connection to death. 

JLPT Level: N1, and the kanji are N3 and N2 respectively.

Wow, two words that are on the JLPT in a row. Am I losing my edge? 

Let’s break down the kanji:

到

On-yomi: tou
Kun-yomi: ita.ru
Meaning: arrival, proceed, reach, attain, result in

底

On-yomi: tei
Kun-yomi: soko
Meaning:bottom, sole, depth, bottom price, base, kind, sort

So we can put these two kanji together to get the literal meaning of “reaching the bottom.” How does that come to mean “cannot possibly,” or “no matter how”?

Well, I did some expert googling but was unable to find anything. :( 

My personal opinion, though, is that it’s either of two things:

• “I am certain to the bottom of my heart that this is impossible.”
• Even if you reach down within yourself and do your best, it is impossible.”

Those are just guesses, and I’m not a native speaker, but that’s my take. 

JLPT Level: N1

Aha!! At long last, a word that is on the JLPT haha.

I could only find one source that explained this kanji. Let’s see what it has to say.

Nowadays, this kanji is a combination of 月 (moon) and 危 (danger). However, the 月 radical can also refer to meat or flesh, and that is meaning it has in this kanji. 危 does mean danger, but actually, the original version of this kanji had 色 (color) there. 

Buuuuut, the 色 didn’t actually mean “color” in this kanji. It was a pictograph of someone embracing another from behind. 

…I can’t really see it, but I’ll believe you, book.

The book goes on to explain that this original version of moroi with 月 and 色 represented the sensation of touching another person. 脆 represented “softness, beauty, something with a pleasant texture.”

So it appears as though the kanji has a pretty different meaning from the adjective it’s used for, moroi, which means “fragile, brittle, or tender-hearted.” 

But if you give it a really hard think, they are certainly connected. A central pillar of Japanese culture is appreciating the beauty of life, because all life is impermanent. So the beauty of a person, in particular, would be a fragile thing, especially back in the day when people had much shorter life spans. That likely gave birth to the “fragile, brittle” meaning. 

And once the “fragile, brittle” meaning came to be, that metaphor was extended to people who “break down” into tears easily.

That was a rather winding explanation. Hope it made sense!

JLPT N2  Grammar  -　逆に

Are you using it right??

In this episode we look at 逆に - previously used as intended to indicate opposites, but now used freely by the younger generation to mean basically anything…

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Welcome to Benkyogo!

In our ぶんぽうご Real Japanese Grammar series, Nani and Mani are deep diving into the textbook grammar required for the JLPT, throwing out the stuff you’ll never use, and teaching you how to speak authentically whilst expressing your own personality.  

⭕️ You WILL:

- Understand grammar in real life context- Be told when and where to forget the BS - Get to listen to 2 random people free-talking about Japanese grammar  

❌ You WON’T:

- Sound boring when talking to your Japanese friends - Say anything rude to your Japanese boss - Speak like you’re fresh outta your favourite anime

We don’t claim to be experts, we’re just 2 Japanese speakers (one native, one second language) chatting about the DO’s and DON’T’s of Japanese grammar in the 21st century. Keep up, textbooks!!  

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Check out https://benkyogo.co.uk/for detailed hints, tips and resources to self-study Japanese.

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