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Another butterfly photo from Fairchild tropical botanical gardens, Fairchild has a fantastic butterf

Another butterfly photo from Fairchild tropical botanical gardens, Fairchild has a fantastic butterfly garden. #florida #ftbg #fairchild #butterfly #butterflies #fairchildtropicalgardens #insects #macro #picoftheday (at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden)


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Butterfly in the butterfly garden @Fairchildgarden #butterfly #miami #florida #insects #fairchild #f

Butterfly in the butterfly garden @Fairchildgarden #butterfly #miami #florida #insects #fairchild #ftbg #botanicalgardens #butterflies #tagforlikes (at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden)


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(Image caption: Primitive olfactory receptors of the jumping bristletail are thought to be amongst the most evolutionarily ancient versions of olfactory receptors in insects. Credit: Katja Schulz, CC BY 2.0)

Study reveals how smell receptors work

All senses must reckon with the richness of the world, but nothing matches the challenge faced by the olfactory system that underlies our sense of smell. We need only three receptors in our eyes to sense all the colors of the rainbow—that’s because different hues emerge as light-waves that vary across just one dimension, their frequency. The vibrant colorful world, however, pales in comparison to the complexity of the chemical world, with its many millions of odors, each composed of hundreds of molecules, all varying greatly in shape, size and properties. The smell of coffee, for instance, emerges from a combination of more than 200 chemical components, each of which are structurally diverse, and none of which actually smells like coffee on its own.

“The olfactory system has to recognize a vast number of molecules with only a few hundred odor receptors or even less,” says Rockefeller neuroscientist Vanessa Ruta. “It’s clear that it had to evolve a different kind of logic than other sensory systems.”

In a new study, Ruta and her colleagues offer answers to the decades-old question of odor recognition by providing the first-ever molecular views of an olfactory receptor at work.

The findings, published in Nature, reveal that olfactory receptors indeed follow a logic rarely seen in other receptors of the nervous system. While most receptors are precisely shaped to pair with only a few select molecules in a lock-and-key fashion, most olfactory receptors each bind to a large number of different molecules. Their promiscuity in pairing with a variety of odors allows each receptor to respond to many chemical components. From there, the brain can figure out the odor by considering the activation pattern of combinations of receptors.

Holistic recognition

Olfactory receptors were discovered 30 years ago. But scientists have not been able to see them up close and decipher their structural and mechanistic workings, in part because these receptors didn’t lend themselves to commonly available molecular imaging methods. Complicating the matter, there seems to be no rhyme or reason to the receptors’ preferences—an individual odor receptor can respond to compounds that are both structurally and chemically different.

“To form a basic understanding of odorant recognition we need to know how a single receptor can recognize multiple different chemicals, which is a key feature of how the olfactory system works and has been a mystery,” says Josefina del Mármol, a postdoc in Ruta’s lab.

So Ruta and del Mármol, along with Mackenzie Yedlin, a research assistant in the lab, set out to solve an odor receptor’s structure taking advantage of recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy. This technique, which involves beaming electrons at a frozen specimen, can reveal extremely small molecular constructs in 3D, down to their individual atoms.

The team turned to the jumping bristletail, a ground-dwelling insect whose genome has been recently sequenced and has only five kinds of olfactory receptors. Although the jumping bristletail’s olfactory system is simple, its receptors belong to a large family of receptors with tens of millions of variants thought to exist in hundreds of thousands of different insect species. Despite their diversity, these receptors function the same way: They form an ion channel—a pore through which charged particles flow—that opens only when the receptor encounters its target odorant, ultimately activating the sensory cells that initiate the sense of smell.

The researchers chose OR5, a receptor from the jumping bristletail with broad recognition ability, responding to 60 percent of the small molecules they tested.

They then examined OR5’s structure alone and also bound to a chemical, either eugenol, a common odor molecule, or DEET, the insect repellent. “We learned a lot from comparing these three structures,” Ruta says. “One of the beautiful things you can see is that in the unbound structure the pore is closed, but in the structure where it’s bound with either eugenol or DEET, the pore has dilated and provides a pathway for ions to flow.”

With the structures in hand, the team looked closer to see exactly where and how the two chemically different molecules bind to the receptor. There have been two ideas about odor receptors’ interactions with molecules. One is that the receptors have evolved to distinguish large swaths of molecules by responding to a partial but defining feature of a molecule, such as a part of its shape. Other researchers have proposed that each receptor packs multiple pockets on its surface at once, allowing it to accommodate a number of different molecules.

But what Ruta found fit neither of those scenarios. It turned out that both DEET and eugenol bind at the same location and fit entirely inside a simple pocket within the receptor. And surprisingly, the amino acids lining the pocket didn’t form strong, selective chemical bonds with the odorants, but only weak bonds. Whereas in most other systems, receptors and their target molecules are good chemical matches, here they seemed more like friendly acquaintances. “These kinds of nonspecific chemical interactions allow different odorants to be recognized,” Ruta says. “In this way, the receptor is not selective to a specific chemical feature. Rather, it’s recognizing the more general chemical nature of the odorant,” Ruta says.

And as computational modeling revealed, the same pocket could accommodate many other odor molecules in just the same way.

But the receptor’s promiscuity doesn’t mean it has no specificity, Ruta says. Although each receptor responds to a large number of molecules, it is insensitive to others. Moreover, a simple mutation in the amino acids of the binding site would broadly reconfigure the receptor, changing the molecules with which it prefers to bind. This latter finding also helps to explain how insects have been able to evolve many millions of odor receptor varieties suited for the wide range of lifestyles and habitats they encounter.

The findings are likely representative of many olfactory receptors, Ruta says. “They point to key principles in odorant recognition, not only in insects’ receptors but also in receptors within our own noses that must also detect and discriminate the rich chemical world.”

. Look at those colors use code LUCKY for twenty percent off on everything listed!. . . #butterfly

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Look at those colors use code LUCKY for twenty percent off on everything listed!

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#butterfly #butterflies #rainbow #oil #oilpainting #insects #bugs #bug #itstoughtobeabug #animalkingdomlodge #animalkingdom #butterflygarden #butterfliesofinstagram #beautiful #lisafrank #monarchbutterfly #monarchbutterflies #colorful #rainbowaccessories #pride #metallic #multichrome #multichromepolish #duochrome
https://www.instagram.com/p/Ca5fVeyuIsh/?utm_medium=tumblr


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How a dragonfly nymph eats. In real time, this strike takes only about 10 milliseconds. At the larva

How a dragonfly nymph eats. In real time, this strike takes only about 10 milliseconds. At the larval (nymph) stage, dragonflies live underwater, are extremely badass, and extremely strange.


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The disenchanted meadow.

Sunday evening doodle.

mossworm: cataclysm in the world of ant

mossworm:

cataclysm in the world of ant


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ex0skeletal-undead: Works by Inknes This artist on Instagramex0skeletal-undead: Works by Inknes This artist on Instagram
ORIGINS: THE TEMPORARY SOLIDIFIED 2013 Check out process shots here: http://poppyplay.tumblr.comORIGINS: THE TEMPORARY SOLIDIFIED 2013 Check out process shots here: http://poppyplay.tumblr.comORIGINS: THE TEMPORARY SOLIDIFIED 2013 Check out process shots here: http://poppyplay.tumblr.comORIGINS: THE TEMPORARY SOLIDIFIED 2013 Check out process shots here: http://poppyplay.tumblr.comORIGINS: THE TEMPORARY SOLIDIFIED 2013 Check out process shots here: http://poppyplay.tumblr.com

ORIGINS: THE TEMPORARY SOLIDIFIED

2013

Check out process shots here: http://poppyplay.tumblr.com


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DISILLUSION OF THE PERMANENT YEARNING FOR THE FLAWLESS DISSIPATEDISILLUSION OF THE PERMANENT YEARNING FOR THE FLAWLESS DISSIPATE

DISILLUSION OF THE PERMANENT

YEARNING FOR THE FLAWLESS

DISSIPATE


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greyphitus:bowelfly:CHOMP SQUADowlfly larvae, Madera Canyon, AZ, 2014 oh my goodness they’re so teengreyphitus:bowelfly:CHOMP SQUADowlfly larvae, Madera Canyon, AZ, 2014 oh my goodness they’re so teengreyphitus:bowelfly:CHOMP SQUADowlfly larvae, Madera Canyon, AZ, 2014 oh my goodness they’re so teen

greyphitus:

bowelfly:

CHOMP SQUAD

owlfly larvae, Madera Canyon, AZ, 2014

oh my goodness they’re so teeny and chompy!!! I love them


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onenicebugperday:

echo1331:

spainonymous:

@onenicebugperday

A buff-tip, Phalera bucephala! Incredible camouflage and one of my favorites!

omg they’re heroes

insectsinsects

How workers can become queens

A honey bee’s fate is decided at birth. The larvae develop to become a queen or a worker. If you’re born a queen, you get to rule the hive.

But other insects are more flexible.

For example, paper wasps and dinosaur ants are able to switch role from worker to queen at any point in their life - and new research uncovers the basis of this flexibility.

Researchers from the University of Bristol, the Babraham Institute and the Centre for Genomic Regulation analysed individual wasp and ant brains from queens and workers of both species to see whether caste differences could be explained by variations in how the genome is ‘read’ and regulated.

In the paper wasps as seen in the video above, the queen is identifiable by behaviours such as shaking the abdomen and aggression to exert dominance.

By looking at the genetic makeup of the insects, the researchers were able to determine what genetic influences were controlling behaviour.

They found very little difference between roles, which was surprising given that hundreds of genes are involved in determining the differences between queens and workers in the honeybee.

This suggests that there is no single master gene determining the role of these wasps and ants.

So you don’t have to be born a queen after all…

Read more

Video: Solenn Patalano

#insects    #animal behavior    #social behavior    #entomology    #epigenetics    #genetics    #bioscence    #science    

Old commissions.

And I want to ask, would any of you be interested in taking commissions from me in the future?

beste-glatisant:

beste-glatisant:

beste-glatisant:

summersfirstsnow:

beste-glatisant:

monarch migration is fucking wild. they could just do what most other Lepidoptera species do and overwinter in a dormant state but no. first they migrate thousands of miles from as far as Ontario to Mexico, then overwinter, and then fly ALL THE WAY BACK to fuck

ridiculous. it’s one thing when birds do it but they have BONES

Also they have like. A migration generation but also a couple ones that DON’T migrate in between (ones that hatch and mature and mate and die all in the same place over the spring-summer). So the butterflies that migrate are making a trip that general neither their parents, nor grandparents made.

Then the MOB trees in Mexico.

I think about the summer generations all the time. It’s like if I moved back to my great-grandparents’ village in Macedonia to sleep for a hundred years and then returned to the US to give birth and die.

And when I got to my destination there was a big pile of my distant cousins all sleeping packed together in a heap in the woods and I immediately threw myself on top. Also, few things disturb us because we all spent our childhoods drinking nothing but poison.

actually this sounds better and better the more I think about it

There’s also of people spreading misinformation about hymenopterans! So I am here as certified bee scientist to set things right.

Bees are NOT wasps, ants are NOT wasps.

wizardhecker:carrydeckcrane706:new hobby: editing anti-wasp memes to be pro-wasp. spreading my waspawizardhecker:carrydeckcrane706:new hobby: editing anti-wasp memes to be pro-wasp. spreading my waspawizardhecker:carrydeckcrane706:new hobby: editing anti-wasp memes to be pro-wasp. spreading my waspawizardhecker:carrydeckcrane706:new hobby: editing anti-wasp memes to be pro-wasp. spreading my waspawizardhecker:carrydeckcrane706:new hobby: editing anti-wasp memes to be pro-wasp. spreading my waspa

wizardhecker:

carrydeckcrane706:

new hobby: editing anti-wasp memes to be pro-wasp. spreading my waspaganda 

I wanted to add an extra fun fact to that last meme of “I pollinate, make honey, and generally am a nice guy” which is that Wasps also pollinate AND make honey AND are generally a nice guy :)

Thats right. Not only are they important pollinators to many many plants, but Paperwasps (Polistes annularis) actually make honey as well. Theyre a lot harder to access than honeybees, but it is edible by humans if you ever want to crack open a nest to give it a go. There are several other species of wasps globally that also make honey as well!

Also, to be taxanomically pedantic, bees actually arewasps. They are a branch off of the wasp superfamily Apoidea and are considered “vegetarian wasps”.

This is the second post I’ve seen about how how hymenopterans are “actually wasps”. I really need to clear this up as a bee scientist because it is so so incorrect.

Bees are NOT wasps, ants are NOT wasps. 

Wasps are not a monophyletic group, they are a paraphyletic grouping, so I think this is why so many people are getting confused. I can go into a long explanation as to why, but for now don’t post if you’re not 100% sure! 


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